幸福时光：温暖如春

幸福时光：温暖如春

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Obama's victory speech

 

Here is the text of President-elect Barack Obama's victory speech in Chicago on Tuesday, as released by his campaign:

 

Tuesday, November 4th, 2008

Chicago, Illinois

If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.

It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference.

 

It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled - Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United States of America.

 

It's the answer that led those who have been told for so long by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful of what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day.

 

It's been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America.

 

I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain. He fought long and hard in this campaign, and he's fought even longer and harder for the country he loves. He has endured sacrifices for America that most of us cannot begin to imagine, and we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader. I congratulate him and Governor Palin for all they have achieved, and I look forward to working with them to renew this nation's promise in the months ahead.

I want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart and spoke for the men and women he grew up with on the streets of Scranton and rode with on that train home to Delaware, the Vice President-elect of the United States, Joe Biden.

 

I would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding support of my best friend for the last sixteen years, the rock of our family and the love of my life, our nation's next First Lady, Michelle Obama. Sasha and Malia, I love you both so much, and you have earned the new puppy that's coming with us to the White House. And while she's no longer with us, I know my grandmother is watching, along with the family that made me who I am. I miss them tonight, and know that my debt to them is beyond measure.

 

To my campaign manager David Plouffe, my chief strategist David Axelrod, and the best campaign team ever assembled in the history of politics - you made this happen, and I am forever grateful for what you've sacrificed to get it done.

But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to - it belongs to you.

 

I was never the likeliest candidate for this office. We didn't start with much money or many endorsements. Our campaign was not hatched in the halls of Washington - it began in the backyards of Des Moines and the living rooms of Concord and the front porches of Charleston.

 

It was built by working men and women who dug into what little savings they had to give five dollars and ten dollars and twenty dollars to this cause. It grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation's apathy; who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep; from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on the doors of perfect strangers; from the millions of Americans who volunteered, and organized, and proved that more than two centuries later, a government of the people, by the people and for the people has not perished from this Earth. This is your victory.

 

I know you didn't do this just to win an election and I know you didn't do it for me. You did it because you understand the enormity of the task that lies ahead. For even as we celebrate tonight, we know the challenges that tomorrow will bring are the greatest of our lifetime - two wars, a planet in peril, the worst financial crisis in a century. Even as we stand here tonight, we know there are brave Americans waking up in the deserts of Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan to risk their lives for us. There are mothers and fathers who will lie awake after their children fall asleep and wonder how they'll make the mortgage, or pay their doctor's bills, or save enough for college. There is new energy to harness and new jobs to be created; new schools to build and threats to meet and alliances to repair.

 

The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep. We may not get there in one year or even one term, but America - I have never been more hopeful than I am tonight that we will get there. I promise you - we as a people will get there.

 

There will be setbacks and false starts. There are many who won't agree with every decision or policy I make as President, and we know that government can't solve every problem. But I will always be honest with you about the challenges we face. I will listen to you, especially when we disagree. And above all, I will ask you join in the work of remaking this nation the only way it's been done in America for two-hundred and twenty-one years - block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by calloused hand.

 

What began twenty-one months ago in the depths of winter must not end on this autumn night. This victory alone is not the change we seek - it is only the chance for us to make that change. And that cannot happen if we go back to the way things were. It cannot happen without you.

 

So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism; of service and responsibility where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves, but each other. Let us remember that if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers - in this country, we rise or fall as one nation; as one people.

 

Let us resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so long. Let us remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House - a party founded on the values of self-reliance, individual liberty, and national unity. Those are values we all share, and while the Democratic Party has won a great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination to heal the divides that have held back our progress. As Lincoln said to a nation far more divided than ours, "We are not enemies, but friends...though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection." And to those Americans whose support I have yet to earn - I may not have won your vote, but I hear your voices, I need your help, and I will be your President too.

 

And to all those watching tonight from beyond our shores, from parliaments and palaces to those who are huddled around radios in the forgotten corners of our world - our stories are singular, but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn of American leadership is at hand. To those who would tear this world down - we will defeat you. To those who seek peace and security - we support you. And to all those who have wondered if America's beacon still burns as bright - tonight we proved once more that the true strength of our nation comes not from our the might of our arms or the scale of our wealth, but from the enduring power of our ideals: democracy, liberty, opportunity, and unyielding hope.

 

For that is the true genius of America - that America can change. Our union can be perfected. And what we have already achieved gives us hope for what we can and must achieve tomorrow.

 

This election had many firsts and many stories that will be told for generations. But one that's on my mind tonight is about a woman who cast her ballot in Atlanta. She's a lot like the millions of others who stood in line to make their voice heard in this election except for one thing - Ann Nixon Cooper is 106 years old.

 

She was born just a generation past slavery; a time when there were no cars on the road or planes in the sky; when someone like her couldn't vote for two reasons - because she was a woman and because of the color of her skin.

 

And tonight, I think about all that she's seen throughout her century in America - the heartache and the hope; the struggle and the progress; the times we were told that we can't, and the people who pressed on with that American creed: Yes we can.

 

At a time when women's voices were silenced and their hopes dismissed, she lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot. Yes we can.

 

When there was despair in the dust bowl and depression across the land, she saw a nation conquer fear itself with a New Deal, new jobs and a new sense of common purpose. Yes we can.

 

When the bombs fell on our harbor and tyranny threatened the world, she was there to witness a generation rise to greatness and a democracy was saved. Yes we can.

 

She was there for the buses in Montgomery, the hoses in Birmingham, a bridge in Selma, and a preacher from Atlanta who told a people that "We Shall Overcome." Yes we can.

 

A man touched down on the moon, a wall came down in Berlin, a world was connected by our own science and imagination. And this year, in this election, she touched her finger to a screen, and cast her vote, because after 106 years in America, through the best of times and the darkest of hours, she knows how America can change. Yes we can.

 

America, we have come so far. We have seen so much. But there is so much more to do. So tonight, let us ask ourselves - if our children should live to see the next century; if my daughters should be so lucky to live as long as Ann Nixon Cooper, what change will they see? What progress will we have made?

 

This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment. This is our time - to put our people back to work and open doors of opportunity for our kids; to restore prosperity and promote the cause of peace; to reclaim the American Dream and reaffirm that fundamental truth - that out of many, we are one; that while we breathe, we hope, and where we are met with cynicism, and doubt, and those who tell us that we can't, we will respond with that timeless creed that sums up the spirit of a people:

 

Yes We Can. Thank you, God bless you, and may God Bless the United States of America

CIA criticises ex-chief over 9/11

CIA criticises ex-chief over 9/11

A CIA inquiry has accused the agency's ex-chief George Tenet and his aides of failing to prepare for al-Qaeda threats before the 9/11 attacks on the US.

"The agency and its officers did not discharge(履行) their responsibilities in a satisfactory manner," the CIA inspector general wrote in a scathing report.

The document was completed in June 2005 and kept classified until now. Its release was ordered by Congress.
Ex-CIA director George Tenet said the inspector general was "flat wrong".
Mr Tenet, who enjoyed strong support from President George W Bush, resigned in 2004 citing "personal reasons".
The review team led by Inspector General John Helgerson found no "single point of failure" that would have stopped the attacks on 11 September 2001.

But he says US spy agencies lacked a comprehensive plan to counter al-Qaeda.
The report concludes that Mr Tenet "by virtue of his position, bears ultimate responsibility for the fact that no such strategic plan was ever created".

It adds that various bodies "did not always work effectively and cooperatively".
For the record
Mr Helgerson called for accountability boards to look at the performance of Mr Tenet and his aides.
Such a move was rejected after the internal report was submitted to CIA leaders.
Current CIA Director Michael Hayden said the decision to release the report was not his preference, but that he was making it available as required by Congress in a law signed by Mr Bush earlier this month.

"I thought the release of this report would distract officers serving their country on the front lines of a global conflict," he said.

The BBC's James Coomarasamy says the criticism is in keeping with previous inquiries into the 11 September attacks.
It is notable, however, for having an unusually critical tone for an internal inquiry and for its personal criticism of Mr Tenet.

In a statement, the former CIA director said he had implemented a "robust plan, marked by extraordinary effort and dedication to fighting terrorism, dating back to long before 9/11".

"Without such an effort," Mr Tenet added, "we would not have been able to give the president a plan on September 15, 2001, that led to the routing of the Taliban... and combating terrorists across 92 countries".

Our correspondent says the administration has already taken steps to address some criticisms against the intelligence community, making this latest report more of an interesting historical document than a consequential one.

Padilla guilty in US terror trial

Padilla guilty in US terror trial

US citizen Jose Padilla has been found guilty of plotting(策划) to kill people overseas and supporting terrorism.
His two co-defendants, Lebanese-born Palestinian Adham Amin Hassoun and Jordanian-born Kifah Wael Jayyousi, were convicted on the same counts.

All three denied charges of conspiring to (密谋) murder in Chechnya, Afghanistan, Bosnia and elsewhere from 1993 to 2001. They now face possible life in jail.

Padilla was once suspected of, but not charged with, plotting a "dirty bomb".
The three men are due to be sentenced on 5 December this year, the judge in Miami said.
The jurors took only a day-and-a-half to find them guilty on all three counts against them.
They were convicted of conspiracy to murder, kidnap and maim (残害); conspiracy to provide material support for terrorism; and providing material support for terrorism.

'Coded calls'
Padilla's mother, Estela Lebron, said she expected her son's lawyers to appeal against his conviction.
Meanwhile, the White House was quick to welcome the verdict (裁决).
"We commend the jury for its quick work in this trial and thank it for upholding a core American principle of impartial justice for all," said White House spokesman Gordon Johndroe.

"Jose Padilla received a fair trial and a just verdict."
The chief evidence presented against Padilla was what the prosecution called an al-Qaeda application form bearing his fingerprints and date of birth that was found in Afghanistan.

The defence had suggested that Padilla handled the document once he was in custody.
FBI recordings of telephone conversations in Arabic between the defendants were also produced, containing, according to the prosecution, coded references to terrorist activity.

Defence lawyers argued that the three men had links with countries such as Afghanistan and Bosnia because they were involved in humanitarian aid for Muslims and said the charges against them were exaggerated.

A lawyer for Hassoun said he was "very disappointed" by the verdict but that his legal team would continue to fight for justice.

Legal battle
Padilla, a former Chicago gang member of Puerto Rican descent, is a convert to Islam.
He was arrested at Chicago's O'Hare Airport in May 2002 after returning from Pakistan.
He was accused of planning to detonate a radioactive dirty bomb and held in US military custody for more than three years.

Following a long battle between the Bush administration and civil liberties groups, Padilla was transferred to the civilian courts in 2006.

The indictment (诉状) against him made no mention of the alleged (有嫌疑) bomb plot.
Padilla has said he was tortured while in military detention, an accusation US officials deny.

Darfur force 'to be all-African'

Darfur force 'to be all-African'

African Union (AU) chairman Alpha Oumar Konare says enough African troops have been promised to a Sudan peacekeeping force for no outside help to be needed.

He said African countries can provide the 26,000 peacekeepers needed for the combined AU-United Nations force. The AU already has 7,000 troops in Darfur.

The UN had expected to call on Asian troops. Critics say Africa lacks enough trained troops for an effective force.
Sudan's government has long opposed the involvement of non-African soldiers.
Viable(可行的, 能生存的)plan?
Speaking after talks in Khartoum with the Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, Mr Konare said: "I can confirm today that we have received sufficient commitments from African countries that we will not have to resort to non-African forces."

He added that the "ball is now in the court of the UN" to provide funding for the force.
Mr Bashir, who has long argued that a UN-backed force would be a violation of Sudan's sovereignty and could worsen the situation there, backed Mr Konare's plan.

"(We) support the AU force, which consolidates the efforts of the Sudanese government to ensure security, peace and stability in Darfur," he said after their meeting.

Mr Konare did not give a breakdown of the countries offering to supply more personnel, leading correspondents to question the viability of an all-African force.

The BBC's Africa editor, David Bamford, said it was unclear where so many African troops would come from.
Our correspondent questioned whether African nations would have the political commitment to stand alone against the forces seeking to continue to disrupt lives in Darfur.

Deadline looming
Mr Konare's announcement came just days after the UN published a list of Asian countries it said had already committed troops and police officers to a Darfur force.

UN officials said the joint AU-UN force would be "predominantly African", but confirmed that countries including Indonesia, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh had pledged personnel.

According to a UN resolution, the composition of the force must be decided by 30 August.
At least 200,000 people are believed to have died and more than two million have been left homeless in Darfur since fighting broke out in 2003.

Sudan's Arab government, and the pro-government Janjaweed militias, are accused of war crimes against the region's black African population - although the UN has stopped short of calling it genocide (中古灭绝).

Russia sparks Cold War scramble

Russia sparks Cold War scramble

Russian bombers have flown to the US Pacific island of Guam in a manoeuvre(调动) reminiscent of (使人联想)the Cold War era.

Two Tu-95 turboprops flew this week to Guam, home to a big US military base, Russian Maj Gen Pavel Androsov said, a story confirmed by the US.

They "exchanged smiles" with US pilots who scrambled(紧急起飞) to track them, he added.
The sorties, believed to be the first since the Cold War ended, come as Russia stresses a more assertive(肯定的) foreign policy, correspondents say.

The flight is part of a pattern of more expansive Russian military operations in recent weeks, says BBC diplomatic correspondent Jonathan Marcus.

Old practice
Gen Androsov said the strategic bombers had flown 13 hours from their base in the Russian Far East during the exercise.

"It has always been the tradition of our long-range aviation to fly far into the ocean, to meet [US] aircraft carriers and greet [US pilots] visually," he said at a news conference.

"Yesterday [Wednesday] we revived this tradition, and two of our young crews paid a visit to the area of the base of Guam," he said.

"I think the result was good. We met our colleagues - fighter jet pilots from [US] aircraft carriers. We exchanged smiles and returned home," he added.

A spokesman for the Pentagon confirmed that the Tu-95s were spotted(noticed) heading to Guam, adding that US fighter readied themselves to repel(驱赶)them.

"We prepared to intercept(拦截) the bombers but they did not come close enough to a US Navy ship or to the island of Guam to warrant an air-to-air intercept," the spokesman said.

During the Cold War, Soviet bombers regularly flew long-haul missions to areas patrolled by Nato and the US.
The bombers have the capability of launching a nuclear strike with the missiles they carry.

Pollution risk for Olympic even

Pollution risk for Olympic even

Speaking a year to the day before the start of the 2008 Games, the president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) said: "It is an option.

"Sports with short durations would not be a problem, but endurance sports like cycling are examples of competitions that might be postponed or delayed."

Billions have been spent in an attempt to reduce pollution without success.
Report: Pollution risk for Olympic events
A host of (a large number of things) factories have been shut down, while many others have been moved out of town, but non-stop construction and booming car sales have made air quality even worse.

Beijing's filthy (very dirty) air and clogged(jammed) traffic are known to have worried Beijing organizers and the IOC for some time, but this is Rogge's strongest statement on the subject.

BBC sports news correspondent Gordon Farquhar said: "All the talk has been about human rights but there has been a growing realization that Beijing has a smog problem.

"People are beginning to come to terms with the fact it could be a major issue. Rogge said that some of the endurance events may be postponed and that would be disaster for the organizers."

BBC News' James Reynolds in Beijing added: "China is spending billions of pounds on new roads, new venues and on perfect celebratory shows but all that may come to nothing unless this city cleans up its air."

However, postponing events might not be an option because race schedules have already been decided, according to Wang Junyan, the director of cycling events for the games.

She added: "Rogge's comment reminds us that we have to work harder to fix environmental problems."
Australian Olympic Committee president John Coates has already revealed that the country's athletes won't arrive in Beijing until just before the Games begin next August to avoid possible respiratory (呼吸道的) problems.

Otherwise, the IOC said the Chinese have laid "strong foundations" for the Games during Rogge's visit to mark one year until the event kicks off.

Sixty-three official events took place across China to mark the beginning of the countdown to 8 August 2008.
However, human rights groups are using the milestone to highlight concerns over China's record on arms sales to Sudan, its record in Tibet and child labor.

Even before Beijing was awarded the Games on 13 July 2001, fears were expressed about the compatibility of China's human rights record and the spirit of the Olympic movement.

Sudan and Tibet are two issues that have caused controversy, while last month a Chinese stationery firm accused of using child labor was stripped of its license to produce official merchandise for the Games.

But Rogge is keen to stress the apolitical (非政治的) nature of the organization and points to the Olympic education projects which he says have involved 400 million children in 50,000 schools in China.

"If anything, the Games can only be a catalyst(催化剂) for constructive dialogue in a complex and sensitive transformation that is taking place in compressed time," he said.

"We believe that in the past six years the Olympic Games have had a positive impact in a number of areas such as education, media regulations and on environmental standards.

"Whilst not denying that more remains to be done, we are encouraged by the progress in these areas.
Organizers say all the competition venues, with the exception of the main National Stadium, will be completed by the end of this year.

But while praising China's preparations so far, Rogge has emphasized that there is much still to be done, and that the test events that will take place in the next year will be crucial.

"The coming 12 months will be very busy," Rogge said, adding: "I am pleased to see that strong foundations are in place - the venues will be outstanding.

"I can already begin to imagine the exhilarating (令人兴奋的) atmosphere the crowds will create as the athletes parade into the arena (the National Stadium) on 8 August."

The centerpiece of the festivities planned to mark the 8 August milestone was a huge party in Tiananmen Square, with the traditional fireworks and light show.

Chinese leaders and IOC officials joined a crowd of 10,000 in the televised event which aimed to invite more than 200 national Olympic committees to participate in next year's Games.

US Senate tightens lobbying rules

US Senate (参议院) tightens lobbying(游说团体或个人)  rules 

Scandals surrounding lobbyists like Mr. Abramoff prompted the bill 
The US Senate has voted in favour of a bill to tighten rules on lobbying and ethics for lawmakers, following its approval in the lower house (众议院, House of Representatives in US or House of Commons in British)

Under the bill, which must still be signed by President Bush, lawmakers must disclose (公开) donations from lobbyists.

Democrats hailed the new legislation as one of the biggest advances in US congressional ethics in decades.

Lobbying scandals, involving mainly Republicans, played a decisive role in the Democrats' mid-term election win.

During the run-up to last November's poll the Democrats repeatedly attacked what they called a "culture of corruption" on Capitol Hill under the Republican party.

"The American people sent Democrats to Congress to clean up the mess," said Senate Democrat leader Harry Reid, "We have heard the call."

The law requires greater disclosure of so-called earmarks - allocations of funds for specific projects or purposes - in spending bills.

Lawmakers would also have to make public the names of lobbyists who raise $15,000 (£7,360) or more on their behalf.

Members would be banned from accepting gifts from lobbyists or their clients.

The new legislation also prevents senators from lobbying Congress for two years after leaving office while members of the House of Representatives would have to wait one year.

Several Republicans said the bill did not go far enough in requiring full disclosure of earmarks but most voted in favour of the bill.

"Americans were right to be outraged by the scandals that surfaced last year, they're right to hold their lawmakers to the highest standard of conduct," said Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell.

Former lobbyist Jack Abramoff and former Republican congressman Randy Duke Cunningham are both now in prison on corruption charges involving illicit(违法的）lobbying activities.

The White House has not said whether US President George W Bush intends to sign the bill.
But White House spokeswoman Emily Lawrimore said Mr. Bush had "serious concerns" about the measure, according to the Associated Press.

Listening Material

US President George W Bush has intervened to prevent Lewis Libby, a convicted former vice-presidential aide, from serving a prison term.

President Bush described as "excessive" the 30-month sentence Libby was facing for obstructing an inquiry into the leaking of a CIA agent's name.

Though no longer required to go to jail, Libby is still due to serve a period of probation and pay a fine.
A leading Democratic politician said Mr Bush's decision was "disgraceful".
History will judge the president "harshly" for using his power to benefit his own Vice President's chief of staff, Harry Reid, the leading Democrat in the US Senate, said.

Lewis Libby, also known by his nickname, "Scooter" Libby, was found guilty in March of perjury and obstructing justice in a case connected to Washington's decision to invade Iraq.

His trial saw the White House accused of having illegally made public the identity of a serving CIA agent, Valerie Plame, in an apparent effort to embarrass her husband.

Convict (vt,n): 犯人，定罪
Obstruct (vt): 阻碍，妨碍      
Perjury (n): 撒谎
To be found guilty of sth

CMMI - Level 2 - Requirement Management Part1

CMMI – Level 2 – Requirement Management   Part1

Process Areas in the Level 2 - Managed

• Requirement Management
• Project Planning
• Project Monitoring and Control
• Supplier Agreement Management
• Measurement and Analysis
• Process and Product Quality Assurance
• Configuration Management

PA Requirement Management

Specific Goal:
SG1 Manage Requirement

Specific Practices:
SP 1.1 Obtain an understanding of Requirements (a stage of static checking before requirement study)
      Sub-practices:

1. Define the criteria for distinguishing requirement provider.
2. Define the criteria for accepting the requirement.
3. Analyze requirement to see whether criteria is met.
4. Reach an understanding of the requirements.

    
      Typical Work Product:

1. Lists of criteria for distinguishing appropriate requirements provider.
2. Lists of criteria for accepting the requirements.
3. Results of analyses against criteria.
4. An agreed-to set of requirements.

SP 1.2 Obtain commitments to the requirements (requirement study stage)
      Sub-practices:

1. Assess the impact of requirements
2. Record the commitments

     Typical Work Product:

1. Requirements impact assessment
2. Requirements / Requirement changes commitment

SP 1.3 Manage Requirement Changes
      Sub-practices:

1. Record all requirements and requirement changes.
2. Record all changes history.
3. Evaluate the impact of the changes from the standpoint of the relevant stakeholders. (comments: this is mentioned in the official CMMI documents, but actually the practice actually has finished in SP2 seems no need to do it again in the SP 1.3)
4. Make the requirements and change data available to the project.



Typical Work Products

1. Requirement status
2. Requirement database
3. Requirement decision database

SP 1.4 Maintain Bidirectional Traceability of Requirements
 Sub-practice:

1. Maintain requirements traceability to ensure that the source of lower lever requirement is documented.
2. Maintain requirements traceability from a requirement to its derived requirements as well as to its allocation of functions, objects, people, processes and work product.
3. Maintain horizontal traceability from function to function.
4. Generate the requirements traceability matrix. (comments: duplicated with point 1,2,3)

     Typical Work Products

1. Requirements traceability matrix
2. Requirements tracking system

SP 1.5 Identify Inconsistencies between Project Work and Requirements
     Sub-practice:

1. Review the project plan, work products for consistency with the requirements and the changes made to them.
2. Identify the source of the inconsistency.
3. Identify changes need to be done on project plan, work product based on the requirements changes.
4. Take the corrective actions.

     Typical Work Products

1. Documentation of inconsistencies in project plan and work product.
2. Documentation of the corrective actions.

The above documents can be included in the system analyze document.

CMMI Start --General Concept

CMMI Start --General Concept

CMMI = Capability Mature Model Integration

1. CMMI Structure (Model)

Supplement of the above module.

Typical Work Products:  Typical Work Products are the output of Specific Practices and the Generic Practices. For example, in the requirement management Process Area, there are multiple Specific Practices, requirement study for example. Under the Specific Practices, there are some Typical Work Products, such as definition the channel of requirement delivery, definition the entry and exit criteria of requirement study.

Sub-practices: Sub-practices is the detailed description to provide the guideline for interpreting Specific and Generic practices.

2. Terminology Abbreviation
  PA: Process Area
  SG: Specific Goal
  SP:  Specific Practices
  GG: General Goal
  GP: General Practices
  CO: Commitment to Perform
  AB: Ability to Perform
  DI: Directing Implementation
  VE: Verifying Implementation
  SG n:  n is a number.  Specific Goal is numbered sequentially. SG 1 means the first SG
              in a process area. SG 2 is the second and so on.
  GG n:  n is a number.  The meaning is same as that in SG.
  SP  n.m:  n, m are both numbers. n is mapped to the sequence of the SG.
                m is the sequence of SP itself.
                For example, SP 1.2 means that the Specific Practices is the 2^nd SP under SG 1.
  GP n.m: n,m are both numbers. The means is same as SP.

3. Some useful concept which is confused always

Procedure: A procedure is a specification of the series of actions, acts or operations which have to be executed.

Process: A process is any series of actions or operations viewed as a whole

Vocabulary in July 4th

Vocabulary

Correspondent
Overtake
Captivity
Captor
Be found guilty of
Convict
Compound
Reinforce